This issue of KIU Journal of Social Sciences focuses on Entreprenurship / Business Studies, International Economic Relations, Human Resource Management, Literary Studies, Educational Management, Gender Studies as well as Education and Rural Development.

The first section of this edition addresses various issues in Entreprenurship and Business Studies such as cooperative loan, small scale businesses, fiscal deficit, domestic credit and strategic planning among others. It is through Entreprenurship and Business Studies that investigations are made into how commercial potentials of every invention can be explored and how to organize the capital, talent, and other resources that turn an invention into a commercially viable innovation. Papers in this section focus on the launching and running of businesses, due to the high risks involved in launching a start-up, a significant proportion of start-up businesses have to close due to "lack of funding, bad business decisions, an economic crisis, lack of market demand, or a combination of all of these. It was revealed in one of the papers in this section that that the commercial banks loan to the industrial sector and the interest rate have negative relationship with industrial output and are significant to industrial output while the exchange rate has a positive relationship with industrial output and it is also significant to industrial output. The researchers therefore recommended among others there is  need to provide adequate financing , stabilized exchange rate, reduced interest rate and provides effective monitoring of the loan disbursed by commercial banks.

Section two explores explores International Economic Relations as an instrument of promoting successful trade policies between nations. As long as there are sovereign states, analysis of international economy shall differ from the rest of economics science. Through International Economic Relations, basic theories of international trade, institutionalization of trade and financial relations through international forums, problems of capital movement and transnational corporations (TNC), regional economic integrations, international monetary system, international financial institutions, debt crisis, as well as payment balance as an account giving a survey of foreign economic transactions of a country are well known. Therefore, the role of International Economic Relations in offering a general review of contemporary economic problems, both on the level of real flows (trade, direct foreign investment) and from the financial aspect, enabling student for easier understanding of the phenomenon of world economy, international division of labor and international economic flows becomes priceless. Papers, in this second part of the Journal, addresses issues in International Economic Relations such as Globalization, factors determing foreign policies, Linguistic Pan-Africanism, International Trade, Economic Growth, Estimated Generalized Least Square and so on. One of the papers argues that money supply is negative significant under both pooled regression and Estimated Generalized Least Square Regression, but positively and negative but statistically not significant under fixed effect and random effect respectively.and therefore recommends that Sub-Sahara African countries should pursue export promotion and import substitution with the sincerity of purpose. The monetary policies that will manipulate money supply to level of capable economy growth and avoid inflationary pressure should be adopted.

Section Three deals with Human Resource Management which has a strategic role in managing people and the workplace culture and environment. Using Nigeria Immigration Officers as case studies, one of the papers in this section argues that there is no significant interaction effect of job decision latitude and organizational support on job demand and mental strain.  However, job demands have additive effects on mental strain, whereas high job control can ameliorate the negative effects of high job demands. It is therefore, recommended therefore that the management of paramilitary service in Nigeria should give more attention to organizational support in order to minimize mental strain among the immigration officers and similar bodies.

Section Four focuses attention on Literary and Gender Studies. One of the papers in this section exemplified the roles of women in the metamorphic development of Yoruba drama, especially the contemporary film era, to drive home the point that with her ‘sacred’ mien and composition, the female gender can purposefully write, produce, act and direct films that can aid Nigeria in solving the present socio-political challenges that are threatening her very existence. It therefore suggests that government and non-profit organizations in Nigeria should encourage female film producers by commissioning film projects to them and assisting them financially with self-productions.

Sections Five and Six which centre on Educational Management as well as the role of Education in Rural Development feature papers meant to that can enhance planning, organizing, directing and controlling the activities of an institution by utilizing human and material resources so utilizing human and material resources so as to effectively and efficiently accomplish functions of teaching and extension work and research.

All the articles in this edition of KIU Journal of Social Sciences, in sum, are interesting and well researched. Kudos to the contributors and all members of the editorial board for a job well done.

This issue of KIU Journal of Social Sciences focuses on Political Economy, Political Education, Educational Administration, Educational Psychology, Educational Technology as well as Teaching and Learning Skills.

The first section of this edition addresses various issues in Political Economy such as health care management, capital market development, city administration, funding tertiary education and barriers to internet shopping among others. The Political Economy deals with the empirical reality, theory, and current governance problems of development, poverty, and inequality. It is through Political Economy that investigations are made into how certain factors influence economic development in a society. Some of these factors may include colonialism, state capacity, regime type, war and conflict, accountability and social structures. Papers in this section x-ray both economic theory regarding development and political science research that highlight the challenges to implementing the policies that would lead to economic development. It was revealed in one of the papers in this section that most tertiary institutions in Nigeria are faced with infrastructural decay as a result of poor funding. The researchers therefore recommended among others the encouragement of private participation, the raising of the education tax collected/or TETFund from 2% to 5% and the revisiting of the practice of Treasury Single Account (TSA) for our tertiary institutions.

Section two explores explores Political Education as an instrument of national consciousness. As social beings, men cannot avoid living in groups in order to survive and achieve comfortable living. But the survival and comfort of the individuals depend on how well the socio-political and economic environments of the society are managed. Effective and massive political participation of the citizens in the management of their own affairs are necessary for the political and economic stability of the society. The role of political education in enhancing this stability becomes priceless. Papers, in this second part of the Journal, addresses issues in Political Education such as Nationhood and National Consciousness, Contemporary Vigilantism, Media and Security Education, the Rationality of Mititar Rule, Citizenship Knowledge and so on. One of the papers argues that there is a common chord among the different components of socio-economic and political strides that links national security and eternal vigilance by citizens and agencies of state statutorily empowered to so do and therefore recommends promotion of security must receive the greatest official and individual attention to ensure safety for all citizens through the instrumentality of education and effective media- driven enlightenment.

Sections Three, Four and Five which centre on Teaching and Learning Skills as well as Educational Management and Educational Psychology features paper meant to explain how people learn and retain knowledge as well as how to improve the learning process and promote educational success for all students.

On the whole, all the papers in this edition of KIU Journal of Social Sciences are interesting and well researched.

This issue of KIU Journal of Social Sciences focuses on Development Studies, Entrepreneurship Studies, Human Rights and Gender Studies Educational Psychology, Educational Management, Moral Education and Physical and Health Education.

The first section of this edition addresses various issues in Entrepreneurship Studies such as training packages, self-esteem and achievement striving among others. Entrepreneurship Studies aids students from all socioeconomic backgrounds to think outside the box and nurture unconventional talents and skills. It creates opportunities, ensures social justice, instills confidence and stimulates the economy. Entrepreneurship studies is a lifelong learning process, starting as early as elementary school and progressing through all levels of education, including adult education. Introducing young kids to entrepreneurship develops their initiative and helps them to be more creative and self-confident in whatever they undertake and to act in a socially responsible way. There are many ways entrepreneurship lessons can be integrated in the school curriculum. It was revealed in one of the papers in this section that self-esteem and achievement striving has both relative and composite contributions towards entrepreneurial aspiration of the youths. The researchers therefore recommended strategies such as mentoring of students by the established entrepreneurs in the industries; review of entrepreneurship education curriculum among others.

Section two explores explores Development Studies is a multi- and inter- disciplinary field of study (i.e. not a discipline) that seeks to understand social, economic, political, technological and cultural aspects of societal change. Little wonder, Developmental psychologists study human growth and development over the lifespan, including physical, cognitive, social, intellectual, perceptual, personality and emotional growth. Academic scholars tend to focus primarily on research or teaching aspect of Development. Papers, in this second part of the Journal, addresses issues in Development Studies such as Millennium Dvelopment Goals, importance of self-employment, modernization theory and so on. One of the papers argues that there are many internal factors in Africa that hinder her development and therefore recommends amongst others that there should be effective leadership in Africa and also efforts should be made to fight corruption and adhere to the principles of rule of law.

In today’s world, Gender equality is still at the very heart of human rights and United Nations values. A fundamental principle of the United Nations Charter adopted by world leaders in 1945 is "equal rights of men and women", and protecting and promoting women's human rights is the responsibility of all States. This is why the third section of this edition is devoted to issues in Human Rights and Gender Studies such as Gender Mainstreaming, Inclusion Education and Girl Child Education.

Sections Four and Five which centre on Educational Management and Educational Psychology features paper meant to explain how people learn and retain knowledge as well as how to improve the learning process and promote educational success for all students.

One purpose of moral education is to help make children virtuous - honest, responsible, and compassionate. Another is to make mature students informed and reflective about important and controversial moral issues. Both purposes are embedded in a yet larger project—making sense of life. It is against this backdrop that the sixth section of this issue concentrates on topics that will enable readers acquire those virtues or moral habits that will help them individually live good lives and at the same time become productive, contributing members of their communities.

The last section is on Physical and Health Education. This is borne out of the fact that Physical education in high school is essential to the development of motor skills and the enhancement of reflexes. Hand-eye coordination is improved, as well as good body movements, which helps in the development of a healthy body posture. Physical education teaches students the importance of Physical Health.

In all, all the papers in this edition of KIU Journal of Social Sciences are interesting and thought provoking.

This issue of KIU Journal of Social Sciences focuses on Development Studies, Entrepreneurship Studies, Legal Studies and Educational Management.

Development Studies is a multi- and inter- disciplinary field of study (i.e. not a discipline) that seeks to understand social, economic, political, technological and cultural aspects of societal change. No wonder, Developmental psychologists study human growth and development over the lifespan, including physical, cognitive, social, intellectual, perceptual, personality and emotional growth. Developmental psychologists working in colleges and universities tend to focus primarily on research or teaching. That is why the first part of the Journal addresses issues in Development Studies such as civil society engament in attainment of sustainable goals, democracy, functional education, vocational training and so on. One of the papers argues that Civil Society Organization has potential roles to play in the effective implementation of the Sustainabl Development Goals as well as to enhance their engagement, impact and effectiveness in global development processes.

Section two explores the role of entrepreneurship Studies in National Development. Entrepreneurship is focused on developing knowledge, skills, and understanding of how an innovative and creative idea, product, or process can be used to form a new and successful business or to help an existing firm to grow and expand. For this purpose Government also welcomes entrepreneurs to start their business. Entrepreneurs can change the way we live and work. If successful, their revolutions may improve our standard of living. In short, in addition to creating wealth from their entrepreneurial ventures, they also create jobs and the conditions for a flourishing society. With the help of various empiral examples, papers in this section are able to prove that GDP growth rate is positively related to index of industrial production while the poverty rate and government expenditure on national security have negative signs which is an indication of the high rate of unemployment in Nigeria as many able bodied youth and graduates are not employed and as such, depended on the working population for survival which increases the rate of abject poverty. One of the papers, therefore, suggests that government should not only integrate entrepreneurship education as an integral part of the curriculum across all levels of education but should also establish skills acquisition centres across the country to reduce youth unemployment stem down the rate of poverty and insecurity in the country..

In today’s world, Excellence in legal education and research is extremely important, because it will help shape the quality of the rule of law. The invaluable experiences that legal education can offer to future lawyers are several. Primary among them is exposure. ... These are essential for the intelligent practice of law. This is why the third section of this edition is devoted to issues in Legal Studies such as legal duties of personnels in Secondary Schools, Protection of Teachers’ Rights and Professional Footballers’ Rights. One of the papers recommends the continuous improvement of awareness of legal duties through seminars; workshops; training of school principals on Education Law as well as updating Students Handbook to upgrade rules and penalties for violation.

The last section which centres on Education Management features papers meant to helps in decision making and problem –solving, communication and managing information and building effective teams. It is recommended that participation in training and developmental programmes should be encouraged, to keep them abreast of current knowledge of research and teaching and to reduce redundancy.

In all, this issue of KIU Journal of Social Sciences contains certain theoretical and empirical papers that keeing to provide solutions to one societal problem or the other. There is therefore something for everyone in this edition.

This issue of KIU Journal of Social Sciences focuses on Social Psychology, Educational Psychology, Educational Technology, Political Education as well as Business and Entrepreneurship Studies.

Social psychology is the scientific study of how people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the actual, imagined, or implied presence of others. Social Psychology has an important role in the educational sector. It helps in improvement of teaching techniques, learning practices, intelligence level and cognition skills of students, motivation of students and student-teacher relationship. Poor academic performance of students is mostly due to socio-psychological issues. Restrctive environment, lack of encouragement, punishments, overburden of studies, fear of failure in examination and harsh treatment destroy student’s creativity. That is why the first part of the Journal addresses issues in Social Psychology such as parenting styles, marriage compatibility, cross cultural understading and social media usage and so on. One of the papers argues that students from authoritative parenting have positive attitude than students from other parenting styles. The paper therefore, recommended that teachers should take cognizance of the fact that students are from various homes and with different parenting styles thereby catering for the individual differences that may affect their attitudes to learning.

Section two explores the role of technology in teaching and learning. Technology has the ability to enhance relationships between teachers and students. When teachers effectively integrate technology into subject areas, teachers grow into roles of adviser, content expert, and coach. Technology helps make teaching and learning more meaningful and fun. Today, more than ever, the role of educational technology in teaching is of great importance because of the use of information and communication technologies. With the help of various applications for distance education, the Internet, teachers, and students themselves, they see the advantage of educational technology.

In today’s world, entrepreneurship is focused on developing knowledge, skills, and understanding of how an innovative and creative idea, product, or process can be used to form a new and successful business or to help an existing firm to grow and expand. ... For this purpose Government also welcomes entrepreneurs to start their business. However, risk taking is a dominant attribute of entrepreneurial activities, as the higher the risk-taking orientation, the higher a firm’s profitability and growth. This is why one of the papers in the last section of this edition establishes the effect of entrepreneurial risk taking on performance of small and medium scale enterprises (SMEs). It recommends that recommends that operators should always identify and assess the trends of the opportunities impending before taking risk not just dare risk as this will help to address the rate at which SMEs managers, owners and staff  take risk, so that risk taking will relate and significantly influence their performance.

In all, this issue of KIU Journal of Social Sciences contains papers that have information on various fields of human endeavour. The theoretical and empirical analyses in the papers provide solutions to one societal problem or the other. The authors’ teachings and areas of research must have certainly influenced their perspectives on the diagnoses of the matters they have addressed in their articles.

This issue of KIU Journal of Social Sciences focuses on Social Psychology, Educational Psychology, Educational Technology Development Administration, and Judicial Administration.

Social psychology is a branch of psychology concerned with how social influences affect how people think, feel, and act. The way we perceive ourselves in relation to the rest of the world plays an important role in our choices, behaviors, and beliefs. Conversely, the opinions of others also impact our behavior and the way we view ourselves. Understanding social psychology can be useful for many reasons. First, we can better understand how groups impact our choices and actions. Additionally, it also allows us to gain a greater appreciation for how our social perceptions affect our interactions with other people. That is why the first part of the Journal addresses issues in Social Psychology such as time management, organizational transparency, gender and career choice and so on. One of the papers argues that it is only by productivity that the real national wealth of a country can increase. The paper therefore, recommended that it is necessary that organization should set out their productivity goal before they even embark on production and the goals must be realistic, specific, comprehensive and meaningful.

Section two explores the social and cultural factors that affect the academic performance of students in various institutions of learning in the society. One of the papers found positive and significant relationship between entrepreneurial revolution and entrepreneurial intention; and positive and significant relationship between skills acquisition and entrepreneurial intention. The study concluded that undergraduate students need entrepreneurship skills for them to be able to engage in entrepreneurial activities. The study recommended the need to build an efficient entrepreneurial culture that is essential in the motivation of young graduates to have entrepreneurial intentions.

In today’s world, unpredictability is the only thing which does not change. Things which were true yesterday are not true today and tomorrow is a whole different story. The only way of equipping future generations is to help them tap into their creative wisdom. Here lies the importance of Educational Technology in teaching and learning. Therefeore, section three examines the impact of advancement in technologies on teaching and learning. One of the studies here reveals an average level extent of use of e-learning technologies by the undergraduates; Age was found to be an indicator for e-learning technologies usability; and that there was no significant difference in usability of e-learning technologies for learning based on gender (X-squared (200) = 0.102, p (0.0950) > 0.05). It is recommended therefore, that, the authorities should encourage the undergraduates to utilize e-learning technologies more, in order to accelerate and possess quality improvements on their academic performance, ICT skills and interactivities with peers and lecturers alike.

In the Section on Development Administration, it is recommended that organization should set out their productivity goal before they even embark on production and the goals must be realistic, specific, comprehensive and meaningful. This is drawn from the conclusion that productivity is the lifeblood of our economy and key to high standard of living. Productivity growth is important for the wellbeing of future generation.   It is only by productivity that the real national wealth of a country can increase.

It has been observed that the administration of justice, in all countries and at all times is a subject broad and difficult, both in its operation and its influence. It is perhaps more indicative, a truer test, of the real temper and spirit, both of the government and the people of the state or country, than any other thing. This is why the papers in the last part of this edition focus on Judicial Administration.

On the whole, this issue of KIU Journal of Social Sciences contains papers that have information on all aspects of human endeavour. Collaborative and cooperative approaches are offered as best approaches for dealing with matters that lead to the instability of communities, societies, economies, and the environment. The theoretical analyses provide opportunities to operationalize the theories discussed in the articles. The authors’ teachings and areas of research must have certainly influenced their perspectives on the diagnoses of the matters they have addressed in their articles.

This issue of KIU Journal of Social Sciences focuses on Development Administration, Social Psychology, Educational Psychology, Educational Management, Entrepreneurship Studies, Legal Studies, Teaching and Learning Skills, Enterpreneurship and Business Studies, as well as Literary and Media Studies.

The first part of the Journal addresses issues in Development Administration such as rural and urban development policies in Nigeria as well as the politics and effects of removal of ptetoleum subsidy. It is argued in one of the papers that there is something fundamentally wrong in government allowing the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) agents to run the economy and co-ordinate Ministers. It therefore suggests that increased awareness, public enlightenment, subsidy reinvestment and empowerment programmes are some of the ways forward.

Sections two, three, four and five explore the social and cultural factors that affect the academic performance of students in various institutions of learning in the society. One of the papers suggests that students and teachers should be given adequate knowledge of health education in order to create a sustainable quality of live to control pollution, the spread of diseases and to prevent accidents within the school environments. Health education knowledge should also be given to control physical, chemical and biological processes which may directly and indirectly affect the wellbeing of students and teachers in schools.

In the Section on Entrepreneurship and Business Studies, it is recommended that entrepreneurship education should encourage and provide more opportunities for the teaching personnel towards capacity building due to their significant effect towards venture creation potential among the graduates. This is drawn from the conclusion that entrepreneurship education teaching personnel has a strong positive relationship with venture creation potentials among graduates of higher institutions.

It has also been observed that the media is very important in order to achieve a sustainable development and in the search for an economic development agenda/program that empowers people. Against this backdrop, the papers in part seven amplify that central tenet. Theoretical, methodological and practical implications are discussed in the papers. In particular, the results recommended the need for television programs to increase agribusiness programs in their airing, the television stations increase the coverage use to televise agribusiness, the need for the government to support the television stations in their agribusiness programs, the farmers should be made aware of the intention of the show and how it would be of great benefit to them and other farmers in all the parts of the country.

It has been observed that the administration of justice, in all countries and at all times is a subject broad and difficult, both in its operation and its influence. It is perhaps more indicative, a truer test, of the real temper and spirit, both of the government and the people of the state or country, than any other thing. This is why the papers in the last part of this edition focus on Legal Education.

On the whole, this issue of KIU Journal of Social Sciences contains papers that have information on all aspects of human life. Collaborative and cooperative approaches are offered as best approaches for dealing with matters that lead to the instability of communities, societies, economies, and the environment. The theoretical analyses provide opportunities to operationalize the theories discussed in the articles. The authors’ teachings and areas of research must have certainly influenced their perspectives on the diagnoses of the matters they have addressed in their articles.

Professor Oyetola O. Oniwide

College of Humanities and Social Sciences,

Kampala International University,

P.O. Box 20000,

Kampala, Uganda.

This issue of KIU Journal of Social Sciences focuses on Political Education, Social Psychology, Human Resource Management, Educational Management, Entrepreneurship Studies, Disaster Management, Counseling Psychology, Peace and Conflict Studies, as well as Educational Technology.

The first part of the Journal addresses issues in Political Education such as Civic Education, Roles of Civil Society Organizations in Public Policy, How to address Political Apathy, Christians and Partisan Politics as well as Service Delivery in the Public Sector. It is argued in one of the papers that the cost of operating democratic governance with rising politically apathetic voters and irrational voting behaviour is enormous and unbearable. It therefore suggests that non-formal political agencies and platforms should be adequately explored and used to reverse political apathy and irrational voting behaviour.

Sections two and three explore the social and cultural factors that affect the academic performance of vulnerable groups in the society. One of the papers suggests that AIDS education to include STDs, sexuality and reproductive health education should be made compulsory and be incorporated into the syllabi and curricula of primary, secondary and tertiary institutions. Also, Health Counselling unit should be established in all academic institutions.

In the Section on Peace and Conflict Studies, it is recommended that a comprehensive training approach involving the community members and law enforcement agencies is also crucial in order to institutionalize the philosophy and strategy of community-oriented policing in the world of law enforcement agencies in Nigeria. This is drawn from the conclusion that community-oriented policing is a potent weapon in the quiver of the government and various communities to stem the flow or tide of terrorism in Nigeria. Community-oriented policing is comprised of three key operational strategies namely, Trust Partnership, Organizational Transformation and problem solving.

It has also been observed that entrepreneurial education is very important in order to achieve a sustainable development and in the search for an economic development agenda/program that empowers people. Against this backdrop, the papers in part seven amplify that central tenet. Theoretical, methodological and practical implications are discussed in the papers. In particular, the results recommended that skills acquisition of university graduates is very important for employability and to retain the job gained. Also, that curriculum planner should lay emphasis on practical aspect of each profession during teaching-learning exercise. Also, that both formative and summative assessment of the learners should be properly done so as to showcase those that are capable in theory, practical and both theory and practical simultaneously in each professional programme so as to help the employers to put round pegs into round holes as the case may be.

In the last two sections of this issue, Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has been recognized as an important tool for advancement of any nation especially in the era of globalization. It is observed that tertiary education is approaching the point at which, science and technology particularly Information and Communication Technology (ICT) will be playing vital roles in nearly all phases of the educational process. However, the papers identify some of the problems toward the effective use of ICTs in teachers’ education programme in most African countries to include poor funding, poor power supply, low level of technical education and inadequate supply of ICTs facilities. Finally, it is recommended that governments and all the stakeholders in the educational system should wake up to their responsibilities by providing ICTs facilities for effective instructional delivery system in teacher education.

On the whole, this issue of KIU Journal of Social Sciences contains papers that have information on all aspects of human life. Collaborative and cooperative approaches are offered as best approaches for dealing with matters that lead to the instability of communities, societies, economies, and the environment. The theoretical analyses provide opportunities to operationalize the theories discussed in the articles. The authors’ teachings and areas of research must have certainly influenced their perspectives on the diagnoses of the matters they have addressed in their articles.

Professor Oyetola O. Oniwide

College of Humanities and Social Sciences,

Kampala International University,

P.O. Box 20000,

Kampala, Uganda.

 editor.socialsciences@kiu.ac.ug

 September, 2017.

In this issue, the authors of the articles focus on a number of concerns germane to economic development. Some of these include health psychology, social psychology, entrepreneurship studies, governance, development, creative writing, legal studies and educational administration. Human behaviour plays a significant role in most of the leading causes of death. Psychological science has the potential to enhance health outcomes through a better understanding of health promoting and health damaging behaviours. This is why some of the papers dwell on health and social psychology.
It must also be mentioned that in the search for an economic development agenda/program that empowers people, entrepreneurial education is very important in order to achieve a sustainable development. Against this backdrop, some of the papers in this issue amplify that central tenet. Economic transformation is enhanced by investment in technology and industrialization. Many African countries are investing in infrastructures that connect the rural and urban areas and they are diversifying their economic bases. The countries that depend on one resource such as raw material or commodity for their foreign exchange are experiencing a great deal of set-back in their development attempts. Oil rich nations around the world are experiencing economic problems and African countries can learn something from the case of Venezuela in South America. Countries such as Nigeria, Gabon and the Congo should embank on macro-economic reforms for financial sustainability. Solid planning which embraces the findings of comparative and entrepreneurial analysis must become part and parcel of sustainable development across Africa. Sustainable development is impossible without investment in capacity building of citizens. Having a workforce grounded in the understanding of critical thinking and with skills and competencies necessary in the management of companies and businesses is very significant in sustainable development.
A few papers in this issue highlight ideas which focus on Africa's "Achilles Heel" and that is the question of leadership. African Countries are inundated with a lot of corrupt leaders and if sustainable development is to be achieved, committed leadership is an imperative.

This issue of KIU Journal of Social Sciences touches on governance, development, public personnel administration, peace and conflict studies, social psychology, creative writing, business management and educational administration.
In Governance and Development, Muzaare examines the extent of management on integrated development programmes in the districts Ibanda and Kiruhura, Uganda. He concludes that if programmes are to be well managed, districts deserve equal support from all the stakeholders in their efforts to better the lives of rural people, and rural development policy be strengthened. Haruna and Walong also argue that globalization has impacted negatively on national security in the areas of organized crimes, ecology, health, economy and worsening conditions of life in backward societies. They conclude by making recommendations for the benefit of all in the global system. Ariyoosu, finally, discusses the Nigerian Tax policy and administration. He recommends that there is a need for public enlightenment and tax information and research services should be embarked upon by various tax authorities and administrators, and tax payers should be made to see the benefits of their taxes.
Under Public Personnel Administration, Oluka reports, through his findings, that employees‘ physiological needs, safety needs, belonging needs, esteem needs and self – actualization needs were fairly met in the Ministry of Public Service, Uganda. He recommends that the government should set up policies and guidelines to identify and meet the needs of employees; find ways of rewarding employees by enhancing their salaries, allowances and other motivational strategies. Yiga and Wandiba also establish that there is positive relationship between recruitment process and local government performance in Kiboga district, Uganda.
In Peace and Conflict Studies, Kiiza posits that the solution to achieve durable peace in Burundi lies firstly, in harmonizing the 2005 Burundi Constitution with the Arusha Peace Agreement of 2000; and secondly, enacting and empowering judicial and legal instruments to implement political principles and measures such as political power sharing and democratic governance. Ayinla also proves that the use of mediation in resolving dispute in Nigeria is faster, cheaper, consensual and removes acrimony between parties, taking a cue from the result of the pilot programmes in some states of the Federation.
In the Section on Social Psychology, Sani and Imbuki investigate the effectiveness of contingency Management therapy on Drug abuse treatment among students of teacher training institutions in Kano State, Nigeria. Based on their findings, they recommend that management of the institutions need to provide adequate support through funding and provision of facilities to the directorate of counseling in each institution. Onifade, Adigun and others establish that premature ejaculation could result to psychological problems and marital discord. Therefore, they recommend that, men with premature ejaculation should not to be overwhelmed with any emotional challenge that occurs as a result of premature ejaculation as this may lead to another health problem. Inuwa, Kerver and others also prove that patient‘s expectation, gender, age and level of education were the most predictors of patient satisfaction with nursing care. They recommend the need for the hospital management to develop strategies and test nurse-sensitive indicators that are related to patient satisfaction. Etapa finally shows that those zones which are more prone to Bank Robbery attacks in Nigeria suffer severe socio-economic and psychological effects than those zones which have fewer cases. He opines that family reorganization, mentoring model, government living up to its expectations by creating jobs and other social securities, adequate prison reforms will reduce the crime rate.
Through Creative Writing, Omoko and Ovie-Jack draw insights from Festus Iyayi‘s Violence and the Contract to expose the fact that the oppressors are afraid of the masses and believe that someday, the masses will rise against them. Also, Umukoro and Ovweriavwose make effort to investigate ways in which youth language patterns or types are at variance with that of adults by carefully paying attention to the discussions of some youths (students) in the College of Education, Warri.
In Business Management, Adeoti, Olawale and Asabi examine the impact of intrapreneurship on the corporate goal achievement of food and beverage firms in Lagos state, Nigeria and recommend that management should be cognizant of the fact that they should concentrate more on empowerment, flexibility in drafting organizational policies. Uba, Kinyata and Abuga also establish that factors in the legal, technological, existing and potential suppliers, and socio cultural factors constitutes 63.23% variation in the business environment. They recommend that manufacturers of pharmaceutical products in Kano state should consider and pay close attention to these factors if they are to succeed in their operations and become competitive. Adeoti, Olawale and Abolarinwa further argue that company with effective and efficient marketing information system will develop competitive products that meet existing and potential buyers‘ expectation in the market than organization that do not have well organized and good marketing information system. They recommend that the company should develop and maintain advanced marketing information systems that provide company management with rapid and incredible information about consumers‘ needs and wants, preferences and behavior. Yakubu establishes a positive and significant correlation between money supply and foreign exchange rates and further recommends thatgovernment should control excessive expansion in broad money supply and should take appropriate steps to coordinate and harmonize monetary policies in Nigeria in order to facilitate financial integration process. Olanipekun, Brimah and others argue that significant relationship exists between CSR expenditure and financial performance. Based on the findings, they suggest that there is need for all organizations to engage in CSR because businesses cannot successful operate in a community which they ignore. Ibrahim concludes that credit access improves production however accessibility to credit is limited by high interest rates and lack of collateral security. He recommends the need for the government to increase access to agricultural credit by farmers who do not have collateral security to present to commercial banks.
In Educational Administration, AbdiHersi establishes that there has been a significant growth in the higher education sector across Mogadishu and suggests that there is need for a collaborative existence of educational associations and umbrella organizations to establish a cohesive national higher education policy aimed at streamlining standards, improving quality, and addressing fundamental deficiencies. Oguntimehin and Oni reveal, among others, that private primary schools were contributing significantly to educational development in the local government area. The performance could, however, be further enhanced if they are adequately monitored and supervised by the government. Akinsolu argues that that individual acting alone within the system never get clue to issues a times therefore teamwork and effective collaborative needs to be cherished and adored by any educational organization because it is the foundation of all successful management. Oguntimehin also discuss entrepreneurship education with particular attention to its concept, nature, objectives and development approaches. Bukki and Bello finally highlight the importance of entrepreneurship education towards enhancing sustainable development in Nigeria. They recommend that educational programmes at all levels of education should be designed to provide the needed entrepreneurial skills for Nigerian Youth.
On the whole, this edition of KIU Journal of Social Sciences features many thought provoking articles. Some of these articles are empirical in nature while others have theoretical base. Each of them focuses on one specific social and management problem or the other; trying to proffer solutions to them. Readers are therefore advised to make proper use of the ideas presented by the various authors.

This issue of KIU Journal of Social Sciences touches on governance, development, organizational management, social psychology and creative writing.
In Governance and Development, Tarabinah discusses the impact of activities of Transnational Oil Corporations, especially Shell Petroleum Development Company (SPDC) on human rights in Bayelsa state, Nigeria. He advises the Federal Government of Nigeria to establish an effective system of oversight in the oil industry which will factor the externality of oil on social and human rights. Sapele also argues that since NEPAD has not created the desirable changes on the individuals, participating countries should implement the policies and programmes of NEPAD, coordinate and complete poverty projects identified in the poverty reduction strategy paper (now vision 2030). Haruna, finally, examines the socio-economic justification for privatization and suggests alternative strategies to the policy.
Under Organizational Management, Okiswa and Oketch report their findings on the impact of motivation on job satisfaction among employees of Kampala University, in Masaka, Luwero and Jinja Study Centers and recommend that adequate monetary and non monetary rewards should be given to the employees, in form of salaries, wages among others for better job satisfaction. Yahaya, Kinyata and Maicibi establish a correlation between pay-for-knowledge and employee commitment among employees of commercial banks in Kano, Nigeria and recommend increase rewards on employee flexibility, independence and increase acquisition of knowledge in order to increase and sustain employee commitment. Twaha and Oketch further argue that well developed and implemented appraisals need to be upheld by all organizations so as to have an inventory of their human resource strengths and weaknesses in their day to day operations. Adamu also identifies human resource policies and other factors such as job satisfaction, organizational commitments and leadership practice that affect employee‘s satisfaction in an organization.
In the Section on Social Psychology, Imbuki and Twinomujuni establish that there is a significant negative relationship between caregiver‘s burden and psychological wellbeing of those living with HIV/AIDS. Gambo and Imbuki also examine the role played by counseling in encouraging and developing self efficacy, self motivation, and self awareness of vocational trained graduates of Kano state tertiary institutions. They recommend that adequate and professional school counselors and facilities should be provided to every school, resource mobilization to assist the vocational graduates, and also group counseling should be adopted by school counselors to raise the self efficacy, self motivation, and self awareness of their students which are personality attributes that could help in making them become self employed, instead of waiting for white collar jobs which is not readily available for them.
Through Creative Writing, Kekeghe demonstrates that the play-songs, in African Oral Literature, are blends of the dramatic and the poetic nuances as it is the case with western literary delineation. Also, drawing relevant examples from Chinua Achebe‘s Things Fall Apart and Sol Plaatje‘s Mhudi, Omoko argues that the thematic goal of the earliest African writers is the reassertion of the African cultural identity that has been made parlous by colonialism in a manner that history is put in its proper perspective.
On the whole, this edition of KIU Journal of Social Sciences features many thought provoking articles. Some of these articles are empirical in nature while others have theoretical base. Each of them focuses on one specific social and management problem or the other; trying to proffer solutions to them. Readers are therefore advised to make proper use of the ideas presented by the various authors.